number theory

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• Euler's Totient Function
  The function φ(n) counting the integers between 1 and n that are coprime to n, a cornerstone of modular arithmetic and the basis of RSA encryption.
• Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic
  The theorem that every integer greater than 1 factors uniquely into primes, up to the order of the factors.
• Riemann Zeta Function
  A complex function central to analytic number theory; the location of its zeros encodes the distribution of the prime numbers.