probability

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• Hypothesis Testing
  The statistical framework for deciding whether data support a claim, using null hypotheses, p-values, and error probabilities.
• Central Limit Theorem
  The theorem that averages of many independent random variables become approximately normally distributed, regardless of the original distribution.
• Standard Deviation
  A measure of how spread out a set of values is around its mean, expressed in the same units as the data.
• Bayes' Theorem
  The rule for updating the probability of a hypothesis when new evidence arrives, relating prior and conditional probabilities.